Processing Solid Waste of Animal Beef using Bioactivators in Effort to Reduce Environmental Pollution

Cattle waste both in the form of solid and liquid waste that is produced every day if left alone without proper waste treatment, it can cause environmental pollution, namely air, water, and soil pollution. The environment becomes squalid and attracts various animals such as flies and dogs which can carry various diseases such as deare, typhoid, cholera and skin diseases which can spread quickly and smell bad. One of the efforts to overcome environmental pollution around cattle is to carry out a composting process using cow rumen bioactivator. This study aims: (1) to find out whether cow rumen bioactivator can reduce the unpleasant odor caused by cattle waste, (2) find out whether cow rumen bioactivator can accelerate the composting process, (3) determine the effect of bioactivator volume on compost quality, namely nitrogen content. (N-total), Phosphorus levels, and Potassium levels. This study uses qualitative analysis to test odors (H2S gas, CO2 gas, NH3 gas and CH4 gas) which was carried out at the CHEMICAL Laboratory of SMK Kesehatan Bhakti Indonesia Medika Kediri, and quantitative analysis to test Nitrogen levels using a Kjeldahl flask, Phosphorus levels with a visible spectrophotometer. , Potassium levels with AAS conducted at the Laboratory of PTPN X Jengkol Plosoklaten Kediri. This study showed: (1) after the composting process, cattle solid waste did not smell, (2) the composting process took 30 days, (3) the addition of various bioactivators (25 ml, 50 ml, 75 ml, and 100 ml), volume 50 ml is the optimal volume in the composting process with 3 kg of cattle solid waste. From the decomposition results, total nitrogen content was 0.592%, phosphorus content was 0.27%, and potassium content was 0.538%. These levels meet the Quality Standards for organic fertilizers and soil enhancers according to the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture no. 2/Pert./HK.060/2/2006.


INTRODUCTION
Livestock waste can be in the form of solid (faeces), liquid (urine), and gas (H2S, NH3, CO2 and CH4). Untreated livestock waste will be a source of pollutants for water, air, and soil pollution.
As many as 55% of the people in Jimbir Sugihwaras Prambon Nganjuk village are cattle and goats. The livestock waste produced consists of solid waste in the form of animal feces and feed residues, as well as liquid waste in the form of cage washing wastewater, livestock sanitation wastewater and livestock urine. If not handled properly, the livestock waste has the potential to cause environmental pollution and health problems for the community around the farm.
Cattle that have to produce solid, liquid and gas waste every day. The solid waste of cattle produced in rearing activities has been left untreated, left alone, it will make the solid waste of cattle accumulate more and more and there is no special place used to accommodate the waste, it will be a complicated problem for the environment. around the barn. This is what causes a dirty environment and becomes a breeding ground for harmful microorganisms such as worms or flies. In addition, the solid waste of cattle also causes an unpleasant / pungent odor around the cattle pens. Generally, livestock manure is thrown away or simply placed around the cage environment without any effective treatment, this will cause the cage environment to become dirty, and in months if it is not immediately handled to become compost, the livestock manure will cause environmental pollution in the form of air pollution from the unpleasant odor caused by the manure, and can also cause the environment to become slum, and attractive to various animals, such as flies and dogs, which can carry disease. Potential health hazards that can be caused such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid and mold can spread quickly, because improperly managed waste can mix with drinking water and spread disease viruses. (Hidayat, 2017). Thus, to keep the environment around cattle farmers clean and healthy, it is necessary to process cattle solid waste into solid organic fertilizer in a relatively short time of 3 to 4 weeks with the addition of a bioactivator.
Bioactivator, also known as Effective Microorganism (EM) is a collection of various fermentative microbes, which function in the fermentation of organic materials. There are five main groups of fermentative microbes including: photosynthetic bacteria, Lactobacillus, Streptomyces, yeast (yeast), and Actinomycetes (Wiryanti, 2014). From this problem, it is hoped that the processing of cattle solid waste with the addition of a bioactivator is expected to reduce environmental pollution Processing of cattle manure needs to be done to reduce environmental pollution, by treating cattle waste as manure because it contains nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as well as micro nutrients including calcium, magnesium, sulfur. , sodium, iron, and copper needed by plants and soil fertility (Hapsari, 2013) Therefore, before being disposed of or used as fertilizer or soil enhancer, these materials must be stabilized first so as not to negatively affect the soil and plants.

Types of research
The type of research used in this research is real research (True Experiment). Using True Experiment (real research) because the subject group (test substance) was chosen randomly, there was a comparison group to the group being treated, and there was control over the conditions in order to minimize the influence of other variables (interfering).
According to Sumadi Suryabrata (1990: 32-36) True Experiment aims to investigate the possibility of a causal relationship with the design where in fact there is a treatment group and a control group that is not subject to treatment conditions.

Research design
Research design is the methods used to collect research data so that research can be proven. In this study, the "pretest-posttest control groups design" was used, namely that there were two groups selected at random, then given a pretest to determine whether there was a difference between the experimental group and the control group in the initial state. Pretest results are good if the experimental group scores are not significantly different.
The research design used in this study was a "pretest-posttest control groups design", namely a research design that contained a pretest before being given treatment and a posttest after being given treatment. Thus it can be known more accurately, because it can be compared with being held before being given treatment. ( Sugiyono, 2001:64 ),

Research Implementation Design
This study used a randomized design consisting of 20 formulations of compost material to be treated, as follows: P0 = 3 kg of solid cow dung (normal) P1 = 3 kg cow dung + 25 ml cow rumen bioactivator P2 = 3 kg cow dung + 50 ml cow rumen bioactivator P3 = 3 kg cow dung + 75 ml cow rumen bioactivator P4 = 3 kg cow dung + 100 ml cow rumen bioactivator Each treatment was repeated 5 times, so that 20 experimental plastic bags were obtained

Research Stages
The research was conducted through 3 stages, namely: 1. Introduction Stage The introductory stage is the stage that begins with the collection of cow rumen and cow solid manure 2. Experimental stage The experimental stage is divided into 2, namely: 2.1. Stages of making bioactivator a. 10 kg of beef rumen plus 1 liter of molasses later b. plus 5 kg of rice bran which is then diluted with enough coconut water, then c. placed in a barrel, allowed to ferment for 1 week. d. After fermentation occurs, it is filtered, then the filtrate is added to the rest of the rotten fruit. e. The bioactivator is ready to use.
2.2. The implementation stage of the research was to put 3 kg of solid cow dung into a plastic bag then add a variety of bioactivators from the cow's rumen and put it in a plastic bag and then put the bucket in a closed room.

Decomposition analysis stage
The decomposition analysis stage is that during the decomposition process until the composting process is complete, several measurements are carried out once a week including measurements of temperature, pH, color and odor. After the compost is formed, it is continued by analyzing the levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium, and qualitative analysis of odor.

Sampling Technique
Sampling (test substance) using purposive sampling technique, which means the test substance is taken from cow dung that one day comes out of the stomach of cattle.

Research variable 1. Independent variable
The independent variables in this study include: Bioactivator volume 2. Bound Variable The dependent variables in this study include: the weight of the test substance (bovine solid waste), and the quality of the compost Data analysis 1. Data Analysis Requirements a. Data Distribution Normality Test Normality test aims to determine whether a research data is normally distributed or not. In parametric statistical analysis, data with normal distribution is a must as well as an absolute requirement that must be fulfilled. If the data is not normally distributed, then the research hypothesis is tested using a non-parametric statistical analysis approach. One way to detect the normality of a data can be done with the Kruskal-Wallis technique. The Kruskal-Wallis test is called the H test, which is an alternative procedure to the one-way ANOVA. Kruskal-Wallis is a non-parametric alternative method that can be used for ordinal response data or ranked data.

b. Data Homogeneity Test
The homogeneity test aims to determine whether the variation of some data from the population has the same variance or not. This homogeneity test serves as a requirement (though not an absolute requirement) in comparative analysis such as the independent sample t test and ANOVA test. According to Joko Widiyanto (2010:51) the basis or guidelines for decision making in the homogeneity test are as follows: 1. If the significance value or Sig. <0.05, it is said that the variance of two or more data population groups is not the same (not homogeneous).
2. If the significance value or Sig. > 0.05, it is said that the variance of two or more data population groups is the same (homogeneous).

Hypothesis Test
The data analysis technique used in this research is ANOVA analysis. This technique aims to determine the difference between the actualization of the composting process in the application of a bioactivator and the composting process without the addition of a bioactivator. The hypotheses that the researcher proposes are: a. H1 or the first hypothesis: There is an effect of adding bioactivator to the time used in the composting process of cattle solid waste. b. H2 or second hypothesis: There is an effect of adding a bioactivator to the smell of cattle solid waste. c. H3 or third hypothesis: There is an effect of adding bioactivator to compost quality (content of N, P, K elements in cattle solid waste).
To test the research hypothesis above, we need to make a decision in the ANOVA test, the decision that can be obtained is by looking at the significance value (sig), based on the significance value (Sig) 1. If the significance value (Sig) < probability 0.05, then there is an effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, or the hypothesis is accepted. 2. If the significance value (Sig) > 0.05 probability, then there is no effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, or the hypothesis is rejected.

RESULTS
In this section, the researcher will convey the results of the research which include: A. Qualitative analysis stage B. Decomposition analysis stage A. Qualitative Analysis Stage Examination Results Qualitative analysis.

DISCUSSION
In the compost maturation process, the degree of acidity ranges from PH 6 to 7 (neutral PH). The pH of the compost serves as an indicator of the compost decomposition process. Compost microorganisms will work to carry out their activities and grow at a PH between 5.5 to 8. ( PINLITAMAS 1: 2018 In the composting process, temperature is a very important factor in determining the proliferation of microorganisms. Microorganisms are bacteria that will decompose solid waste cow manure to become compost. At the beginning of composting the temperature of the test substance was 27oC. After an interval of 1 week (day 8) the temperature began to rise, the test substance without treatment (control) rose to 28 o C, while those with treatment increased significantly by 33 o C and 35 o C. In this phase, microorganisms are present and begin to work on decomposing cattle solid waste.
In the second week (16th day) for the test substance without treatment (control) the temperature remained at 28 o C, while the test substance with temperature treatment increased dramatically, here is the peak temperature of composting, i.e. some are at a temperature of 35 o C, some are a temperature of 36 o C and there is a temperature of 37 o C.
In the third week (day 21) for the test substance without treatment (control) the temperature remained at 28 o C, while for the test substance that was being treated the temperature began to drop, namely at a temperature of 30 o C, 32 o C and 32 o C. In this phase the activity of microbes (microorganisms) begins to decrease. This phase is known as the compost maturation phase. On the fourth week (day 30) all the test substances were at 28 o C which is at room temperature. ( Article : Chem.Notes 2020 ) The temperature in the composting process gradually decreases due to reduced organic matter that can be decomposed by microorganisms. This can occur because the life of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms alternately. When the temperature drops, mesophilic microorganisms grow to replace thermophilic microorganisms. ( Journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/Unnes.JLifeSci, 2016 ) In the anaerobic composting process when added microorganisms (Bioactivator) it will last 30 days. .( Artikel : Perencanaan, Perancangan Lingkungan 2021 )

Nitrogen Content
Figure From the decomposition process, the data obtained on the average levels of N, P, K are as : In the Nitrogen content histogram above, the standard Nitrogen content is 0.4%. Nitrogen content in cattle solid waste that just came out of cattle 0.31% does not meet the standard of use.
Meanwhile, cattle solid waste that was left for 30 days without treatment had a concentration of 0.58% and that which was treated with added bioactivator met the appropriate standard for use because the level was already above 0.4%. ( Setiawan, Ade Iwan. 2007 ) Cattle solid waste that is left for 30 days and added with a bioactivator, the nitrogen content increases, this is because there is already a role for microorganisms that decompose cow solid waste.
Nitrogen levels from cattle solid waste that are left for 30 days without treatment are higher than nitrogen levels from livestock solid waste added with bioactivators, because in the decomposition process microorganisms also need nitrogen elements to maintain and form body cells. In addition, nitrogen can react with water to form NO3-and H+. Where NO3-can occur decomposition reactions into N2 gas and N2O gas.

Phosphorus Level
In the Phosphorus histogram above, the standard Phosphorus level is 0.2% suitable for use. Phosphorus levels in cattle solid waste that just came out of cattle 0.18% do not meet the standard. Meanwhile, cattle waste that was left for 30 days without treatment had a concentration of 0.33% and that which was treated with added bioactivator met the proper use standard because the level was already above 0.2%. ( Setiawan, Ade Iwan. 2007), ( No.2/Pert./HK.060/2/2006 By leaving it for 30 days and adding a bioactivator, the Phosphorus content increases, this is because there is already a role for microorganisms that decompose solid cattle waste.
Phosphorus levels from cattle solid waste that were left for 30 days without treatment were higher than the levels of Phosphorus from livestock solid waste added with bioactivators, because in the process of decomposing cattle solid waste microorganisms in their activities also require Phosphorus elements. ( ISSN : 2621-1475, J.Fish Protech 2020